Technology And The Future Workforce Essay - 1457 Words

We have been building towards it for the last three decades, and it is moving from entertainment to everyday life, including classrooms where millions of children connect and learn every day. We have been led to believe that resource create competition, but successful competitors are often collaborators that can see something greater, and how they fit into it, Adaptation is a must. Eventually, we as a species will become like our devices. The future workforce must be able to open their minds to what achievements can be made when technology and nature are no longer separate. The boundaries of what we can do will be pushed in the future and those working in it will need to know how to operate within this new set of boundaries and the new technology and regulations that will be acquired as well. Many people will become makers. They will also be able to do take apart different things and break them down into information that can be shared among team members and people of this future generation. The ability to build fast relationships will also be an important aspect in the future. In certain situations, everyone will need a decent business sense.If humans are to compete machines in a meaningful way, they will have to work to become almost the same as a machine themselves.There will always be specialists, and they will continue to fulfill important things, but considering the speed of change, no one can be expected to dominate any career field forever. The biggest foundationShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Computer Technology On The Future Of Workforce1260 Words   |  6 Pages11IPT Term3 Essay: Impacts of Computer Technologies in the Future of Workforce Since the very first automatic computer has been invented in 1941 by Konrad Zuse (Lexikon Services, 1982), information technology has brought many benefits to our lives, and also altered the nature of work and enterprise to the extent that most jobs in the developed world to involve computers. In the future, with new information technology features that will be introduced, many jobs would be either reduced or turned intoRead MoreThe Impact of Information Technology on the Workforce of the Future3258 Words   |  14 PagesPreface The Impact of Information Technology on the Workforce of the Future To determine the impact of information technology on the workforce of the future, I conducted a study using an historical perspective on the use of information technology in the workplace and by the workforce. This study also considered recent trends in workforce management such as telecommuting, globalization, outsourcing, and off-shoring activities. The results of this study revealed that technological advances in officeRead MoreHuman Resources : Developing An Effective Global Business Management Essay793 Words   |  4 PagesOne thing is certain since the creation of the workforce, it is a constant developing and changing department within businesses. 30 years ago, not many people would have guessed that technology would have such a huge impact on business and the way it is conducted. Today, managers need to ask themselves how will the workforce perform and change within the next 30 years. Management theorist, Peter Drucker said, â€Å"The only thing we know about the future is that will be different.† Drucker is correctRead MoreEssay about Why the Rich are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer1558 Words   |  7 Pages The report of Robert Reich: â€Å"Why the Rich are getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer,† is an eye opener and a warning for society regarding unemployment that it will be facing and is currently facing due to a lack of technology and education. It clearly articulates that the jobs of routine producers and in-person servers have vanished totally as modern techniques have replaced them. The author has stated that the only people whose jobs are on the rise are symbol analysts. As stated in the reportRead MoreInvestment on Hr761 Words   |  4 Pagesin some industries such as financial services, so the contribution of the workforce to organization success is perhaps the most important lever to competitive advantage. In fact, the challenge of containing costs while developing a high performing workforce is a primary challenge facing most companies today. But, do organizations know enough about their workforce to optimize the workforce lever? We all know the US workforce is aging, with the number of people 55 and older holding jobs hitting a recordRead MoreThe Emerging Challenges in Human Resource Management Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement profession. According to Ekta Srivastava (2012), these challenges have increased the pressure on human resource managers. This paper will disgust the many emerging challenges in human resource management such as globalization, workforce diversity, technology, and changes in the economic environment and the ways to overcome some these challenges. The key question that the author (s) is addressing is There are various methods and techniques to overcomeRead MoreScrutinizing Job Seeker Activities1460 Words   |  6 Pagesrapidly changing world environment, in some cases, different strategies and methods to achieve satisfying work situation may be more appropriate than the traditional career planning and, subsequent job searching methods. The current and future economic and workforce environments are precarious and territories in which job seekers will seek work. It is a certainty that the view methods and processes associated with job seeker activities during these times need serious scrutiny. For that purpose, ourRead MoreFuture of Hr Management985 Words   |  4 PagesFuture of HR Management Over the years, the role of human resources has changed and evolved based on the needs of our society. Put in basic terms, human resource management must change as the business environment in which it operates changes. An article written by Susan Heathfield, states that while successful organizations are becoming more adaptable, resilient, quick to change direction, the HR professional is considered by line managers as a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocateRead MoreWill Robots Render Humans Jobless?1543 Words   |  7 Pagesthat each task is completed. This is the work environment of the future, a work environment in which humans are no longer the workers and, instead, are the managers and administrators: A work environment in which humans are the bosses. While machines are increasingly replacing humans in the workforce, robots and machines will not render humans jobless and will, instead, provide more employment opportunities for people in the future since qualitie s such as human-to-human interaction, creativity, andRead MoreEducational Technology in the 21st Century842 Words   |  4 PagesLynette Baltierrez Educational Technology in the 21st Century The 21st century has developed into a time where technology is everywhere. Technological advances are being developed daily and are incorporated in people’s everyday lives whether it is during work, school or leisure activities. This is the reason why technology should be used to support student learning and achievement. According to Intel Corporation (2009), being proficient in technology and the network is an essential part

Virtue Ethics Vs. Sentimentalist Virtue - 1858 Words

Virtue Ethics vs. Sentimentalist Virtue Ethics Virtue Ethics is defined as â€Å"any character-based approach to normative ethics that emphasizes some conception virtues and vices; often including a universal conception of human flourishing† (Blakley, Christopher). Aristotle and David Hume developed accounts of ethics that remained true to their own empirical philosophies; both of which stray away from the more traditional accounts. Their opposing theories contain the overall theme of how a virtuous person would live their life. In contrast, David Hue developed his own account of sentimentalist virtue ethics that challenges, or pushes back on, the virtue ethics Aristotle. According to Aristotle, we should be virtuous people, and therefore perform virtuous acts. Instead of talking about particular actions and the rules according to which they are undertaken, then, Aristotle requires us to look at virtues, or qualities of character. Aristotle’s teachings emphasize more on character traits rather than rules or obligations. â€Å"Moral agency is not merely a matter of which rules to follow, but a whole way of life. It requires a unity of thought and feeling, which is characteristic of what Aristotle, called ‘virtue’† (Boetzkes and Waluchow, p. 23). What is a virtue, and what is the virtuous life? Aristotle’s definition is cited as â€Å"a state of character concerned with choice, lying in a mean, i.e., the mean relative to us, this being determined by rational principle, that principle by

Differences between country and city living Free Essays

Do you want to live in country or city? These two options are very dissimilar, although in both you can learn a lot. These differences include style of living, benefits and social life. The first difference is style of living. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences between country and city living or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the city, the buildings are high and land is scarce and expensive, so city people have to build many houses in a small space. Also, there are buildings with many houses on top of each other. In contrast, in the country, the houses tend to be for a family as there are more houses that are built on the ground next to each other. Another difference between city and country living are the benefits. In the city there are more services offered of all kinds, including the entertainment. Compared with the country where services are limited and there are fewer people, there are often fewer services. In the cities, there re many more benefits than a people who live in the country, such as career advancement opportunities. Work is concentrated in trades such as fishing, farming, mining and timber. While in the city, there are very many different types areas of work and a person can perform many trades. The last difference is the social life. The social life in the city is very diverse because it has many options. Young people have friends getting together to go to the movies, to go to dancing or to play sports. Children have opportunities to shave whit classmates, going to the park, to the movies and playing at home. On the contrary, the children’s country plays in the river with animals and with the few neighbors who have around your farm. In conclusion, both the life of the country as well as the city have something that attracts and somewhat discouraging. It is not easy to say which is the best or the worst place to live all depends that you want to make and that type of life you want to lead. How to cite Differences between country and city living, Papers

Australian Legislation

Question: Describe about the Australian legislation. Answer: Australian legislation has many rules and regulation to determine its existence in each and every sector. In this problem, the solution is needed to open a seafood restaurant in Sydney. Thus, when the legal attorney provides suggestion for the beginning of a new and fresh business, he/she will suggest the ideas based on Property Law, Sale of Goods and Consumer Protection and the Intellectual law of Australia. As these are the main criteria which are needed to be followed in order to establish the business in Australia. Australian property legislation deals with various kinds of property rights within its each jurisdiction as well as in different states of Australia. Property legislation of Australia is grounded upon all the states by following the principle based on Torrens regarding the registration of the title. This provision also discusses the registration of various entitlements which includes a mortgage of land, which helps in securing loans. Each and every land is under a jurisdiction, and it follows the principals of various land laws implemented on them. There are two types of properties which include Real property and Personal property (Aplin et al. 2013). According to the common law system, we can state that Real property is regarded as property which is immovable property or real estate. Thus, as per the provisions of law, we can state that real properties are regarded to those properties which are subjected to land and the improvement of these lands are done with the help of human efforts. There are various examples which can be granted under the real property that includes ponds, buildings, canals, mines, wells, dams, roads, etc. As per the common law system, it can be said that real properties are those properties which are protected by the means of real action with contrast to the personal property, and in this regard the plaintiff has to resort a different from of action. Real properties can be identified with the help of various legal property descriptions. This description means the marks on the boundaries which are manmade (Whish and Bailey 2015). Such limits include roads, highways, railway tracks, shores of lakes, ridges cr est, etc. The law which explains the various kinds of interest is known as real estate in real properties. These estates are determined with the help of languages of law that includes will, deed, lease, bill of sale, grant of law, etc. by the process which the estate or property was acquired. Estate are distinguished with the help of varying rights of the property which is vested on each and also helps in determining the transferability of the various estate (Badenhorst et al. 2012). The parties who only enjoy the rights of the estate are known as a "tenant." Another most important part of a property is called personal property; personal property is that property which is movable in nature and is not attached to the land (Bently 2014). According to the civil law also it can be stated that personal property is just the opposite of real property, and it includes wildlife, chickens and other small livestock. There are two types of property which include: Tangible personal property- It refers to those properties which can be moved from one place to another easily, and it includes furniture, writings, arts, jewelry, house hold goods, clothing's, etc. Intangible personal property- It refers to those properties which cannot be easily moved, touched or felt, but rather can be represented valuably by securities, assets which are intangible, negotiable instrument, etc (Burrows, 2013). Thus, the suggestion by the Attorney to open a seafood restaurant will be to choose the appropriate property in which the business can be established and be maintained with prosperity and will include real property. It may be in the form of ownership or mortgage (Burrows, 2013). The second most important rules which are to be followed to establish the business will be under the Sale of Goods Act and Consumer Protection Act (Bridge, 2015). This act states about the Consumer Protection which is a law or organization and protects the rights of the consumer and fair trade. This law helps in preventing the customers against fraud as well as unfair trade practices from gaining an advantage over the competitors. According to the provision of law, consumers are regarded to those people who acquire the goods and services as a direct ownership or use rather than reselling of its production and manufacturing. The interest of the consumers can be protected by making the promotion of competition in the market. Consumer protection can be asserted by the non-governmental organization. Consumer rights as stated by UN Consumer Bill Of rights consist of various uses which include safety right, rights of choosing, basic needs and satisfaction rights, consumer's educations righ ts and also the rights of informing the consumers about the goods and the products (Corones, 2013). Lastly, the suggestion will be regarding intellectual property law in Australia. It can be stated that the rules of the patent are basically to avoid the contradiction between the names and rights of two companies. Australian Trade Mark Law includes certification as well as collective marks. According to section 17 of this act, it can be stated that trade mark is the sign which is used or rather intended to use to distinguish the goods and services that are provided by any other person. In Australia, the registration is for ten years and further is extended to the additional of ten years. In case if there is a failure of registration for three years and there may be cancellation on the grounds for notion. There are various patent examiners in Australia who are generally scientist and engineers but they do not hold the degree but legal training of the patent law. They are hired on the basis of their technical expertise and professional skills. They basically work under the agency of t rademark right and they help indentifying the trademark and patent rights. They are assessed to be competent with the assess applications and helps in making decision about satisfying and qualifying all the legislative provisions. (Carney, 2012). Reference List: Aplin, T.F., Aplin, T. and Davis, J., 2013. Intellectual property law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press. Badenhorst, P., Freedman, W., Pienaar, J. and Van Wyk, J., 2012. The principles of the law of property in South Africa. Oxford University Press Southern Africa. Bently, L. and Sherman, B., 2014. Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Bridge, M., 2015. Personal property law. OUP Oxford. Burrows, A. ed., 2013. English private law. OUP Oxford. Carney, T., 2012. Guardianship,social citizenship and theorising substitute decision-making law. In Beyond Elder Law (pp. 1-17). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Corones, S.G., 2013. The Australian Consumer Law. Thomson Reuters, Lawbook Co.. Davis, J., 2012. Intellectual Property Law Core Text. Oxford university press. Davison, M., Monotti, A. and Wiseman, L., 2016. Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge University Press.

Sir Gawain Existed In Late Medieval England, Where Romance And Folklor

Sir Gawain existed in late medieval England, where romance and folklore was prevalent, while Beowulf lived in the times when the Anglo-Saxon's migrated, hence the narrator's visions both differed from what they believed constituted a true hero. "Beowulf" written as an epic poem, dictates the idea of a hero as someone who is viewed as a savior to his people. Beowulf has one duty: he must fight to win. If he succeeds, he is a hero, if he fails he would be viewed a failure. The narrator illustrates a hero as a loyal, honorable, and courageous person, all of which Beowulf exemplifies. Beowulf risks his life countless times for immortal glory and for the good of his people. Beowulf's ability to put his people before himself, mark him honorable. He encounters hideous monsters and the most ferocious of beasts, but never fears the threat of death. His power surmounts twenty men in one arm alone, additionally his leadership qualities make him a superb hero in the eyes of his fellow men. For example, when Beowulf is fighting Grendel's mother, who is seeking revenge on her son's death, he is able to slay her by slashing the monster's neck with a Giant's sword that can only be lifted by a person as strong as Beowulf. When he chops off her head, he carries it from the ocean with ease, but it takes four men to lift and carry it back to Herot mead-hall. This strength is a key trait of Beowulf's heroism. His loyalty and the ability to think of himself last, allows all to view him with the utmost respect. Beowulf ventured out to help the Danes with complete sincerity, an unusual occurrence in the time of war and widespread fear. He set a noble example for all humans relaying the necessity of brotherhood and friendship. His loyal and courageous attributes are what set him apart from someone who can merely kill a monster. In the final line, the narrator clearly acknowledges Beowulf's true kingship, "They said that he was of world-kings the mildest of men and the gentlest, kindest to his people, and most eager for fame." Beowulf's ability to put his people's welfare before his own exemplifies his strong belief in fate. His belief is, if he dies in battle it is because his destiny was to do so. He always explains his death wishes before going into battle and requests to have any assets delivered to his people. "And if death does take me, send the hammered mail of my armor to Higlac, return the inheritance I had from Hrehtel, and from Wayland." Beowulf is aware he will be glorified in life or death for his actions. He knows that when he fights an enemy like Grendel or Grendel's mother he will achieve immortality as the victor or the loser. Even with the enormous amount of confidence Beowulf possesses, he understands fate will work it's magic and he could be killed at any point in his life. He faces reality by showing no fear and preparing for a positive or fatal outcome. Stated by Beowulf in the text, "Fate will unwind as it must!" In this line he realizes the dangers of battle, but fears nothing for his own life. In comparison the narrator in "Sir Gawain and The Green Knight" links heroism to chivalry, which includes bravery, honor and courtesy. Sir Gawain shows his bravery by shying away from nothing and no one. He proves his honor and courtesy to everyone he meets by showing respect to all whether or not he receives it back. He in the end proves he is a "true" Knight. In medieval England the idea of fighting for others survival was no longer the primary focus, instead the hero fought for his own ideals, which is evident in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight". Yet a romantic hero can be described almost as an epic one; he is loyal, honorable and courageous. The knight, however, must possess courtly skills and be careful not to be led into temptation by ulterior motives. His task can be looked upon, perhaps, as spiritual rather than physical, as shown in Beowulf, because Gawain's setting implies a state of peace and harmony. The knight

Dark Secrets essays

Dark Secrets essays For our collage drama we chose to base it on youth. I have chosen to perform a scripted piece of drama. A dark secret that is about a teenage girl named Alex who shots her because she cant cope with everything anymore. Alex was always helping her friends and family and never having time for her. When Alex finally does something for her everyone hates her for it. This piece of scripted drama is a sad emotional play. The purpose of the youth performance is to let people know what teenagers go through. The message dark secrets is trying to get across is teenagers go through a lot of personal issues that their closet friend and family dont know about. No matter how you think you are to some one you never know when they might be keeping something from you. Look are deceiving just because they appear to be all happy smiles on the outside doesnt necessarily mean that is them on the inside. A dark secret is a small group performance the group consists of 6 actors. Each actor plays one role each. Our group chose roles that would be easy for us to relate to. Jessie played by Tamara Horne; Jessie is a female character, girl friend of Alex. Alex is the main character who commits suicide. Alex has a twin sister Liz. Sheri Campbell plays Liz. Liz has a hard time coming to terms with what Alex did and trys to find an answer in Chloe. I play Krystal Kavanagh Chloe. Chloe is Alexs best friend who also trys to find answers why did she do it, why did she kill herself. All the characters in dark secrets as them selves repeatedly ask them self-why but one character inpaticular that wonders why is Jamie. Jamie is the only male character in this performance. Chantelle Newton plays him. Chantelle portrays the male character very well. Chris is another one of Alexs friends who has trouble coming to an explanation of WHY? Dark secrets go for roughly 20 minutes. Throughout this pe ...

Marketing is The management process of anticipating, identifying and Essay - 1

Marketing is The management process of anticipating, identifying and satisfying customer requirements profitably (CIM, 2001) - Essay Example It involves formulation and communication of information that can generate utility to different stakeholders to a subject entity and such stakeholders may be customers, business associates, the community, and contractual parties to an institution’s activities. In addition, the scope of the definition of marketing identifies a dual approach to information transfer between an entity and its stakeholders (Taylor 2010, p. 152). This definition is valid because it identifies with the American Marketing Association’s (AMA’s) definition. The CIM’s definition of marketing focuses on customers’ utility and organizations’ profitability. Even though the AMA’s definition does not focus on profit motive for organization’s engagement in marketing, this is trivial from the scope of corporate ventures that profit motive drives. Such a scope validates CIM’s definition of marketing as a strategy to profit optimization by business organization and is consistent with organizations’ initiatives for efficiencies and effectiveness that can results to low production costs for higher profit margins and economies of scale advantage. CIM also identifies customer utility as a driver to marketing initiative and this is reflexive of the definition of marketing according to AMA. According to AMA, the focus of marketing is to meet customers’ needs, at individual an d societal levels. The CIM’s definition of marketing also identifies, though not directly, associated activities with marketing that AMA outlines. Anticipating and identifying customers’ needs, for example, involves exploration of background information into customers’ needs for creation of information or commodities while satisfying such needs relates to communication and transfer of utilities for customers’ satisfaction. CIM’s definition is further consistent with AMA’s previous definitions of marketing that that identified focus on business undertakings and development of values for

Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Euthanasia - Essay Example In passive euthanasia, no action is taken to prolong life, and death occurs naturally. In Great Britain, Lord Joffe has introduced a bill which would legalize assisted dying. Although this bill was introduced in 2004, it has not had a chance of passing until recently. The reasons for this is that society has changed with respect to the issues surrounding euthanasia. This paper will examine the arguments against euthanasia, and the arguments in favor of it, and make a conclusion about whether or not euthanasia should be legalized in Great Britain. Arguments against Euthanasia There is not a doubt that Christianity, as a religion, has profoundly influenced the debate surrounding the right to die. However, before Christianity was established, the practice was condoned, even honored. In Ancient Greece, one could apply to a tribunal for the right to die, and, if successful, would be given hemlock to ingest. The practice was even the subject of parties – the elderly and the infirm would ingest their poison at a banquet that honored their lives . This changed with the beginning of Christianity, and Christianity, as a religion, was the basis of outlawing the practice. Early Christian thinkers, such as St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustine were influential, describing euthanasia as a grave sin. The church continued to influence the debate, even during a period of time during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment of the 18th Century, in which the practices resurged, yet were kept in abeyance by the Church. 7 The Church’s reasoning on the rejection of euthanasia is that the act is inherently wrong. Therefore, because of the fundamental objection to the practice, the Church remains opposed, no matter how much good may come out of it.8   Christianity also believes that it is a sin because life is a gift from God, and, unless one is defending one’s own life, or defending others, life is not to be taken away.   According to this view, man is made in God’s image, so it is not for man to end his own life.9   This is not to say that the Church advocates for keeping someone alive by any means possible. In fact, the official Christian perspective on heroic measures to sustain life is that these measures should not be taken. Denying or withdrawing heroic measures is differentiated from euthanasia because one, euthanasia, is actively ending life and the other, denying heroic measures, is simply letting somebody die. Also, one is intended, and the other is unintended.10   Because the official Christian perspective on h eroic measures is clear, this principle would encompass â€Å"Do Not Resuscitate Orders† and removing patients from ventilators.11   Therefore, the official Christian stance on euthanasia is that it is forbidden. According to Lin (2003), another reason why the Church has taken this stance is because of the Sixth Commandment, which is â€Å"Thou Shalt Not Kill.†   This Commandment, in turn, is based on the view that only God has the power of life and death, and euthanasia effectively usurps this authority.12 St. Thomas Aquinas based his objections to the practice on this view, citing Deuteronomy 32:39, which states that God â€Å"will kill†¦and will make to live.†13 Hatzinikolaou (2003) bases his objections on the respect for the dying process. According to him, death is sacred and the last moments of a person’s life are the moments which should be respected.   It is during these moments, according to Hatzinikolaou (2003) that man has the chance to repent and prepare for his soul to be

Nursing Asssessment-Focus scenario Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Asssessment-Focus scenario - Case Study Example His diet includes organic food from animals, fruits and vegetables present in his farm. He is also a frequent alcoholic beverage drinker, with two to three bottles of beer every evening. No history of cigarette smoking had been mentioned. Mr. "S" has a family history of heart attack, breast cancer and hypertension. Occasionally he complains of shortness of breath which is relieved by rest. He thinks that he is in good health considering the time he spends outdoors. A thorough health history must be established in order to provide a comprehensive nursing assessment. This may be done through interview or reviewing past medical records. Components of a nursing health history include biographic data, such as age, gender, occupation and usual source of medical care, chief complaint or the reason for visit, history of present illness, past history and family history. Lifestyle, social data like economic status, ethnic affiliation and neighborhood conditions, and psychological data are also considered. When assessing the history of the present condition, the onset of the symptoms, characteristic of the complaint, activity in which the patient was involved when the problem occurred and any aggravating or alleviating factors are noted. Proper physical examination using effective tools are vital to come up with a diagnosis and to establish nursing care. A common method to identify problems is the review of systems. In this process, each body system is assessed for specific signs and symptoms that may be attributed to a deviation in the normal functioning of that organ system. In the case of Mr. "S", vital signs would have to be taken to acquire baseline data. Blood pressure is obtained using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope, heart rate and respiratory rate through a stethoscope, and temperature reading through the use of a thermometer. Baseline height and weight should also be measured using a tape measure and a weighing scale. Mr. "S" complained of shortness of breath relieved by rest and has a history of cardiovascular disease; therefore, data regarding cardiovascular and respiratory system must be reviewed. Aside from the heart rate, rhythm and heart sounds are also assessed, again through auscultation using a stethoscope. These are some of the parameters used in evaluating cardiovascular function. Assess for presence of edema, which is evident in Mr. "S". Perfusion can also be obtained by noting if he is warm, dry, or diaphoretic. Respiratory system review consists of observing the breathing pattern and breath sounds, presence of secretions and cough. Shortness of breath may suggest, but is not limited to, a pulmonary problem. Since Mr. "S" is having edema, pain will also have to be assessed. If pain is present, he could use a pain rating scale to be able to determine its severity. Genitourinary system must also be evaluated. His intake and output must be monitored. Ask when he last voided. Assess also for signs and symptoms of anuria, hematuria, dysuria or incontinence. This could reflect whether his edema and weight gain are brought about by a genitourinary problem. Skin assessment is done by noting presence of warts, moles, unusual discoloration, jaundice, scars and skin color. Jau ndice may reflect hepatic dysfunction, in which edema may also be attributed. His lifestyle, involving drinking two to three beers every night, makes him at high risk for renal and hepatic diseases.

Impact of the Financial Crisis on Banks and Banking

Impact of the Financial Crisis on Banks and Banking A bank is a financial intermediary that offers loans and deposits, and payment services. Its core activity is to provide loans to borrowers and to collect deposits from savers. Banks stock money, people need money; therefore, people need banks. Banks provide a home for peoples money, which is something accountants do not do; and banks also lend money, which accountants certainly do not do. There are three main kinds of banking: commercial banking, investment banking and central banking. Commercial banking is the traditional role of the banker as it relates to the taking of deposits and granting of loans. Commercial banking is split into two types: retail banks and wholesale banks. Retail banking relates to financial services provided to consumers and is usually small-scale in nature. Retail banks are often known as High Street banks, because they large branch networks, many of them comprising well over a thousand branches, usually located in the main shopping streets. Wholesale banks are found in the major financial centres of the world, eg London, New York, Frankfurt, Hongkong and Tokyo. They serve the major companies and have large-scale dealings with other banks throughout the world. The key different between these is that retail banks borrow from and lend to members of public and companies whilst wholesale banks deal with other banks and with governments (national and overseas). Investment banks are a US creation; and it could not be combined with commercial banks in one institution. The main role of investment banks is to help companies and governments raise funds in the capital market either through the issue of stock or debt (bonds). Typically, their activities cover the following areas: financial advisory; underwriting of securities issues; trading and investing in securities on behalf of the bank or for clients; asset management; other securities services. A central bank can generally be defined as a financial institution responsible for overseeing the monetary system for a nation, or a group of nations, with the goal of fostering economic growth without inflation. The core functions of central banks in any countries are: to manage monetary policy with the aim of achieving price stability; to prevent liquidity crises, situations of money market disorders and financial crises; and to ensure the smooth functioning of the payment system. Banks, as other financial intermediaries, play a pivotal role in the economy, channelling funds from units in surplus to units in deficit. Financial crisis: The financial crisis of 2007-2009 has been called the most serious financial crisis since the Great Depression by leading economists, with its global effects characterized by the failure if key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in the trillions of U.S dollars, substantial financial commitments incurred by governments, and a significant decline in economic activity. The immediate cause or trigger of the crisis was the bursting of the United States housing bubble which peaked in approximately 2005-2006. High default rates on subprime and ARM (adjustable rate mortgages), began to increase quickly thereafter. An increase in loan incentives such as easy initial terms and a long-term trend of rising housing prices had encouraged borrowers to assume difficult mortgages in the belief they would be able to quickly refinance at more favourable terms. However, once interest rates began to rise and housing prices started to drop moderately in 2006-2007 in many parts of the U.S, r efinancing became more difficult. Defaults and foreclosure activity increased dramatically as easy initial terms expired, home prices failed to go up as anticipated, and ARM interest rates reset higher. In the years leading up to the start of the crisis in 2007, significant amounts of foreign money flowed into the U.S from fast-growing economies in Asia and oil-producing countries. This inflow of funds combined with low U.S interest rates from 2002-2004 contributed to easy credit conditions, which fuelled both housing and credit bubbles. Then, the global financial crisis really started to show its effects in middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the .world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems. Literature Review: The world economy is experiencing perhaps the most serious financial crisis since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s, in terms of both its scope and its effects. Its impact is much more global than that of the financial crisis we have seen in the past two or three decades. Today, global financial integration is much more pervasive, and the Asian countries have a much higher share of world trade and production. For some, the global nature of the current crisis has been unprecedented as several advanced economies have simultaneously witnessed declines in house and equity prices as well as difficulties in the credit market. The origin of financial crisis: As we know the current global financial crisis originated with losses on US subprime mortgage related securities, losses that first emerged with the slowing of the US housing market in the second half of 2006. The first origin of financial crisis is that the growth of housing bubble precipitated the beginning of financial crisis. Between 1997 and 2006, the price of the typical American house increase by 124. (Economist, 2007) During the two decades ending in 2001, the national median home price ranged from 2.9 to 3.1 times median household income. This ratio rose to 4.0 in 2006. (Steverman and Bogoslaw, 2008) This housing bubble resulted in quite a few homeowners refinancing their homes at lower interest rates, or financing consumer spending by taking out second mortgages secured by the appreciation. By September 2008, average US housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. (Economist, 2008) The other origin of financial crisis is easy credit, and a belief that h ouse prices would continue to appreciate, had encouraged many subprime borrowers to obtain adjustable rate mortgages. These mortgages enticed borrowers with a below market interest rate for some predetermined period, followed by market interest rates for the remainder of the mortgages term. Borrowers who could not make the higher payments once the initial grace period ended would try to refinance their mortgages. Refinancing became more difficult, once house prices began to decline in many parts of the USA. Borrowers who found themselves unable to escape higher monthly payments by refinancing began to default. The process of financial crisis: There is evidence that both government and competitive pressures to an increase in the amount of subprime lending during the years preceding the crisis. Major US investment banks and government sponsored enterprises like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac played an important role in the expansion of higher-risk lending. In 1996,HUD, the department of Housing and Urban Development, gave Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac an explicit target: 42 per cent of their mortgage financing had to go to borrowers with incomes below the median income in their area.'(Schwartz, 2009, pp46) Between 2000 and 2005 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac met those goals every year, and funded hundreds of billions of dollars worth of loans, many of them subprime and adjustable-rate loans made to borrowers who bought houses with less than 10 per cent deposits. Finnie Mae and Freddie Mac also purchased hundreds of billions of subprime securities for their own portfolios to make money and help satisfy HUD affordable-housing goals. (Schwartz, 2009) Due to the deregulation loans, some borrowers could get loans under easy credit conditions. Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, to enter into unsafe or unsound secured loans for inappropriate purpose. When the housing bubble burst, USA housing and financial assets decli ne in value, and the subprime crisis was coming out. After that the financial crisis had been basically formed. There is a story of financial crisis stated by Butler (2009: p51): Once upon a time, greedy bankers, mostly in the USA, made fortunes by selling mortgages to poor people who could not really afford them. They knew these loans were unsound, so they diced and sliced them and sold them in packages around the world to equally greedy bankers who did not know what they were buying. When the housing bubble burst, the borrowers defaulted, and bankers discover that what they had bought was worthless. They went burst, business loans dried up, and the economy shuddered to a halt. The moral, accounting to this description of events, is that capitalism has failed, and we need tougher rules to curb bankers greed and make sure all this never happens again. This story could express accurately the process of finance crisis. The impacts of financial crisis in the world: A collapse of the US subprime mortgage market and the reversal of the housing boom in other industrialized economies have had a ripple effect around the world. Furthermore, other weaknesses in the global financial system have surfaced. Some financial products and instruments have become so complex and twisted, that as things start to unravel, trust in the whole system started to fail. First, it affected on financial institutions. Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Steams would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and AIG. Second, it affected the money market. During September 2008, the crisis hits its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market mutual funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawals from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. Third, wealth effects in the financial crisis. There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth, and declines in consumption and business investment, which along with government spending represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth. By early November 2008, a broad U.S. stock index the SP 500, was down 45 percent from its 2007 high. Housing prices had dropped 20% from their 2006 peak, with futures markets signaling a 30-35% potential drop. Total home equity in the United States, which was valued at $13 trillion at its peak in 2006, had dropped to $8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008. Total retirement assets, Americans second-largest household asset, dropped by 22 percent, from $10.3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008. During the same period, savings and investment assets (apart from retirement savings) lost $1.2 trillion and pension assets lost $1.3 trillion. Taken together, these losses total a staggering $8.3 trillion. (Altman, 2009). Finally, it is the effects on the global economy. The crisis rapidly developed and spread into a global economic shock, resulting in a number of European bank failures, declines in various stock indexes, and large reductions in the market value of equities and commodities. Moreover, the de-leveraging of financial institutions, as assets were sold to pay back obligations that could not be refinanced in frozen credit markets, further accelerated the liquidity crisis and caused a decrease in international trade. World political leaders, national ministers of finance and central bank directors coordinated their efforts to reduce fears, but the crisis continued. At the end of October 2008 a currency crisis developed, with investors transferring vast capital resources into stronger currencies such as the yen, the dollar and the Swiss franc, leading many emergent economies to seek aid from the International Monetary Fund. (Landler, 2008). The impacts of financial crisis on US banking system: GDP, the output of goods and services produced by labour and property located in the US, decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago period. The US unemployment rate increased to 9.5% by June 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. From time to time confidence in the USAs banks would weaken and banks note-holders would demand their specie (i.e. gold or silver) back. Banks could meet these withdrawals either from their own vaults or by taking back some of the bullion left with the clearing-house association. The lower the level of their balance the clearing system, the greater would be the likelihood that individual non-central banks would be overdrawn. (Congdon, 2009) There is an example from him: suppose bank Ys initial deposit with the clearing system was 30 pounds. If its customers instructed it to make net cash payments to other banks of 35 pounds, bank Y would have been overdrawn by 5 pounds. (2009: pp50). So financial crisis and the publics associated large-scale note redemptions would cause increased tension between members of the clearing house. The impacts of financial crisis on UK banking system: Just how serious the financial crisis was becoming, not only in the US but also in the UK, hit home late on September 2007 when news emerged that Northern Rock, had been forced into a bailout from the Bank of England. Northern Rock Bank is the most affected by financial crisis in the UK, and also the most typical bank for my study. Northern Rock is one of the top five mortgage lenders in the UK in terms of gross lending. As well as mortgages, the bank also deals with savings accounts, loans and insurance. In 2006 the bank had moved into subprime lending via a deal with Lehman Brothers. Although the mortgages were sold under Northern Rocks brand through intermediaries, the risk was being underwritten by Lehman Brothers. On 14 September 2007, the Bank sought and received a liquidity support facility from the Bank of England, following problems in the credit markets. This led to many customers queuing outside branches to withdraw their savings. Partly as a result of the run, on 22 February 2008 the bank was taken into state ownership. The nationalization was a result of two unsuccessful bids to take over the bank, neither being able to fully commit to repayment of taxpayers money within three years. Because of Northern Rock crisis, customers lost their confidence for any banks in the UK. They started withdraw money from their saving account, so that all banks in the UK were affected a lot. Aim Objectives and Key Questions: Aim and Objectives: Nowadays, the US Financial Crisis (2008) along with the subprime crisis (2007) seemed to have delivered a severe blow to worlds banking sector. Banks are thought to be central to business activity. Therefore, when they experience financial distress, governments usually come to the rescue, offering emergency liquidity and various forms of bailout programs. Then the aim of this dissertation is to determine impacts of financial crisis on banking and corresponding measures on these impacts. In order to achieve my aim, I need to achieve following objectives which are the steps towards my aim: To determine the impacts of financial crisis on banking in China. Achieving this objective will be much help as I would also understand different impacts of financial crisis on banking in comparing with other area. To analyse the measures to the impacts of financial crisis on banking. During the objective I will have the chance to recognize the process of central bank in each country. Therefore, I would realize the measures for banks under the financial crisis in two different views: financial views and political views. Key Questions: To achieve the aim and the objectives, the research was set out to answer the following key questions: What are the impacts of financial crisis on banking system in China? And what are the different impacts among China and other areas? What are the corresponding measures for these impacts in these countries? This paper is focus on banking sector under the financial crisis, and how banks faced the crisis. The importance of this topic lays on the impacts of banking sector under the financial crisis and what the best measure for banks is. Basically, my research is based on the origin and process of financial crisis to find out the impacts for banks in each country. Therefore, I would investigate how to resolve these impacts. Research Methodology: As discussed in the sections above, the research objective is to determine the impacts of financial crisis on banking in China so that I could compare different impacts with other countries. The study identifies questionnaires and interviews as suitable research methods for the present paper. The general belief of research is often thought of as collecting data, constructing questionnaires/interviews and analysing data. But it also includes identifying the problem and how to proceed solving it (Ghauri et al., 1995). Questionnaire approach: A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of surveys in that they are cheap; do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. Questionnaires are also sharply limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions and respond to them. Thus, for some demographic groups conducting a survey by questionnaire may not be practical. Usually, a questionnaire consists of a number of questions that the respondent has to answer in a set format. A distinction is made between open-ended and closed-ended questions. An open-ended question asks the respondent to formulate his own answer, whereas a closed-ended question has the respondent pick an answer from a given number of options. In this paper, I have used the ope n-ended questions into questionnaires. Because the impacts of financial crisis on banking which is an open discussion, it is more suitable to use open-ended questions to discuss. In this research, I have posted out 100 questionnaires for several banks in different positions of banking areas. But I only get 50 feedbacks from banks include: China Construction Bank with 11 copies; Bank of China with 23 copies; HSBC with 2 copies; China Merchants Bank with 2 copies; Shanghai Pudong Development Bank with 2 copies; Agricultural Bank of China with 3 copies; Bank of Communications with 2 copies; China Citic Bank with 3 copies; Bank of East Asia with 2 copies. The questionnaire is to undertake ideas from employees in each bank above. The employees have been selected in different job positions that include: account managers; customer managers; salesmen; managing directors; operation managers; accountants; channel managers; international clearing managers; administrations; marketers; product managers; staffs; retail managers; and others with no answers. There are four key questions amount those seven questions in this questionnaire: How much are you affected by financial crisis? Explain what affects you in financial crisis? What is different consumer behaviour between before financial crisis and after financial crisis? What do you think how to resolve the effects of financial crisis on banking? In the view of above questions, we can find out different effects of financial crisis on banking to employees in different positions and the correspond measures for the effects. Interview approach: An interview is a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee. In most cases, interviews are only one of a number of qualitative/quantitative techniques that we are likely to use in a research project. The main types of interview include structured interview, semi-structured interview and unstructured interview. Semi-structured interviews are controlled interactions. However, this model enables the researcher to ask supplementary questions, for clarification and elaboration, whilst the use of open questions grants the participant greater freedom to discuss their experience. Unstructured interviews are relatively uncontrolled interactions where, once the question has been put, the researcher listens and do not prompt. This offers the participant the opportunity to discuss the subject using their frames of reference. Unstructured interviews can be very useful in studies of peoples information seeking and use. They are especially useful for studies attempting to find patterns, generate models, and inform information system design and implementation. For example, Alvarez and Urla (2002) used unstructured interviews to elicit information requirements during the implementation of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. Due to their conversational and non-intrusive characteristics, unstructured interviews can be used in settings where it is inappropriate or impossible to use other more structured methods to examine peoples information activities. For example, Schultze (2000) used unstructured interviews, along with other ethnographic methods, in her eight-month field study in a large company investigating their production of informational objects. What are the rationales for using semi-structured interviews? It can help us to obtain relevant information. It can give the freedom to explore genera l views or opinions in more details. It can use external organization so as to retain independence. The strengths of semi-structured interviews are that the researcher can prompt and probe deeper into the given situation. For example, the interviewer inquires about using computers in English language teaching. Some respondents are more computer literate than others are. Hence, with this type of interview the interviewers are able to probe or asked more detailed questions of respondents situations and not adhere only to the interview guide. In addition, the researcher can explain or rephrase the questions if respondents are unclear about the questions. A structured interview also known as a standardised interview is a quantitative research method commonly employed in survey research. The aim of this approach is to ensure that each interviewee is presented with exactly the same question in the same order. This ensures that answers can be reliably aggregated and that comparisons can be made with confidence between sample subgroups or between survey periods. A structured interview also standardises the order in which questions are asked of survey respondents, so the questions are always answered given to survey question can depend on the nature of preceding questions though context effects can never be avoided, it is often desirable to hold them constant across all respondents. Structured interviews can also be used as a qualitative research methodology. These types of interviews are best suited for engaging in respondent or focus group studies in which it would be beneficial to compare/contrast participant responses in order to answe r a research question. For structure qualitative interviews, it is usually necessary for researchers to develop an interview schedule which lists the wording and sequencing of questions. In this research, I have chosen structured telephone interview as main interview approach. There are three interviewees have been interviewed through telephone in three different banks which are Bank of China, Bank of Communications and Agricultural Bank of China. The positions of these three interviewees are Department Head in Bank of China, Branch President in Agricultural Bank of China and Financial Manager in Bank of Communications. The questions in the interviews are made quite same as to questions made in questionnaires. Findings and Analysis: Findings: From the view of all the questionnaires and interviews, I have organised the following points as findings: In China Construction Bank there are two staffs affected by financial crisis are a lot; seven staffs affected by financial crisis are medium; and each one staffs affected by financial crisis is a little and almost not. Nine of all eleven staffs answered that their incomes have been reduced during the financial crisis. Seven of all staffs realized that customers became more prudent after financial crisis compared before. In Bank of China there are nine staffs affected by financial crisis are a lot; ten staffs affected by financial crisis are medium; and each two staffs affected by financial crisis are a little and almost not. Almost half of all twenty-three staffs answered that their workings are much more difficult to handle such as some services closed, working period much longer and more competitions etc. Seven of all staffs stated that their incomes have affected very much because of financial crisis. Ten of all staffs realized that customers became more prudent and rational during the financial crisis. Other staffs almost realized that customers had no any changes under the financial crisis compared before. In other seven banks there are five staffs affected by financial crisis are a lot; five staffs affected by financial crisis are medium; one staff affected by financial crisis is a little; and five staffs affected by financial crisis are almost not. Each five staffs answered that their workings are much more difficult to handle and their incomes have been reduced. Almost half of all sixteen staffs realized that customers became more rational and likely to transfer their money from some risky investments to a saving account or banking instruments. Analysis: From the findings of the study it emerges that: Most participants who are in different positions of different banks realized that they have been affected by financial crisis a lot or medium. And most customers they deal with became more rational and prudent. Before the outbreak of the financial crisis is not that customers apply for special financial management, the clients risk acceptance is very strong, and the abundant capital in the market. Most clients are seeking short-term immediate benefits, but did not fully take into account their own business and assets of the plan a long-term investment, life-long investment. But after the outbreak of the financial crisis, most customers whether it is their own operations and domestic and foreign investment had both a certain degree of loss. Customers will first consider the operating and investment risk, followed by another to seek profit; their sights would be to put the long-term, truly entered the era of the pursuit of long-term interests. Adverse impacts to the unit under the financial crisis: First, non-performing loans increased pressure. The financial crisis on the business impact of large bank customers, especially export-oriented enterprises. Declining in exports led to decline in client business performance, repayment pressure, and increased risk of deterioration in credit quality. Second, the lack of effective demand for loans. Financial crisis led to bad corporate management, so that effective demand for loans fell. Third, the financial crisis lead to an international settlement business, hosting business, and capital markets businesses in a substantial decline so that intermediary business revenue. Fourth, the time when the economy is down, and constantly cut interest rates, banks net interest yield was downward trend. The effects of the financial Crises on the banking industry and an evaluation of the measures for resolving the crises. Using evidence from the Great Depression and several other banking crises, Hoggarth and Reidhill (2003) concluded that banking crises can have a long term dramatic effect on the economy if left unresolved but the scale and character of any intervention should have as its prime objective to keep fiscal costs minimal and to prevent any future moral hazard. Moral Hazard in this case refers to the risk that bankers who are aware of the governments unwavering commitment to crop up dying banks may take too much unnecessary risk since they have a guarantee that their banks will never go burst. This section discusses the effects of the recent 2007-2009 global financial crises on the banking industry. It further evaluates some of the measures put in place by the UK and US governments to alleviate the crises. At every point Hoggarth and Reidhills 2003 conclusion will be my point of reference as I evaluate the Fiscal Cost and Moral Hazard issues related with the resolution of the crises. Finall y, I will also discuss other view points and make recommendations on how the crises could have been tackled more effectively. The United Kingdom and United States economies were the largest hit and probably the most affected by the crises. It is worth bearing in mind that even though this crisis began in the financial sector and real estate sectors of these economies, it rapidly spread to the manufacturing and retail sectors. Without much notice every sector of the economy had been affected by the downturn. A vicious cycle quickly develops where as companies lack credit, they slow manufacturing and layoff workers leading to high unemployment rates. As unemployment increases and consumer credit and purchasing power drops, the demand for goods and services plummets and the entire economy is further hit. At the end of the cycle, the main cause of the demise is soon forgotten and the problem actually becomes one of scepticism and mistrust widely termed consumer confidence and/or investor confidence. It is popular opinion that such a crisis should not be left unresolved by country authorities even though it is caused by individual businesses and public companies. After all, a rapid decline in business profits and an increasing rate unemployment means a plunge in the states tax revenue, a hike in unemployment benefit payouts, an increase in government debt and the crumbling of the economy. Politicians are therefore faced with the dilemma of whether or not to interfere with the free market economy, taking actions that will have serious implications on management and investor behaviour and spending public money to save private investors. As dreadful as this may sound, there appears to be no other viable way to resolve a banking crisis. Banks in particular, are generally not stand alone institutions. One view point to resolving a banking crisis amidst a recession emphasises that any measures designed to ensure that banks survive in a sustainable way will be aimed at reviving and supporting bank stakeholders (Customers and investors). This view point advocates that the best way

Partition of India Essay examples -- History, Muslim Hindu

In 1947 British rulers of India divided India in two countries. Pakistan consisting of Muslims majority provinces and India with Hindus and other religious majority people (cite?). This partition was due to the demands by Muslims who found it impossible to live with Hindus as they were socially, morally and religiously different from them. Process of this Muslim Hindu separation was started out by Muslim educator Sir Syed Ahmed Khan who in 1857 established the Mohamadan Oriental Collage to educate Muslims in Aligarh which would later become known as the Aligarh University. In 1906, to counter the growing influence of Hindu majority, graduates of this university organized a party of their own and named it the All India Muslim League. This party played a pivotal role in making Muslims politically active and making the British aware of their concerns. Ultimately, in 1947 under the leadership of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the party succeeded in the creation of Pakistan. As Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and his colleague were working for Muslims to have a political voice, there were others, for example, Allan Octavian Hume and Dadabhai among others who, in 1885, organized the Indian National Congress party. Initially, its purpose was to demand the British government to provide more jobs for educated Indians but later on, under the leadersh ip of Mohandas Gandhi and Pundit Nehru, it worked for Independence from British rule resulting in 1947 in creation of Hindu majority country India. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Sir Syed Ahmad Khan has become to be known as the most influential educationist and political Muslim leader in India (cite?). Before the British colonized India, Mogul Emperors encouraged education for both Hindus and Muslims in one pla... ...Singh, into India .Pakistan not agreeing to this decision invaded Kasmir Pakistan in 1947 launched a military attack and succeeded in occupying a small part and established a province called Azad Kashmir. Since than there have been multiple wars between India and Pakistan on this issue and there has been ongoing struggle for independence within India’s Kashmir which India has been trying to forcibly put down resulting in wide spread human right abuses. Lord Louis Mountbatten Lord Mountbatten ,Born June 25th 1900 in England, was a decorated navy admiral who in 1947 became last Viceroy of India. As a viceroy he was tasked to negotiate with Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Gandhi and Nehru and overseas Independence of India and Pakistan. From 1947 to 1948 after independence he became the first governer general of India On august 27th 1979 He was assassinated in bomb blast. Partition of India Essay examples -- History, Muslim Hindu In 1947 British rulers of India divided India in two countries. Pakistan consisting of Muslims majority provinces and India with Hindus and other religious majority people (cite?). This partition was due to the demands by Muslims who found it impossible to live with Hindus as they were socially, morally and religiously different from them. Process of this Muslim Hindu separation was started out by Muslim educator Sir Syed Ahmed Khan who in 1857 established the Mohamadan Oriental Collage to educate Muslims in Aligarh which would later become known as the Aligarh University. In 1906, to counter the growing influence of Hindu majority, graduates of this university organized a party of their own and named it the All India Muslim League. This party played a pivotal role in making Muslims politically active and making the British aware of their concerns. Ultimately, in 1947 under the leadership of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the party succeeded in the creation of Pakistan. As Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and his colleague were working for Muslims to have a political voice, there were others, for example, Allan Octavian Hume and Dadabhai among others who, in 1885, organized the Indian National Congress party. Initially, its purpose was to demand the British government to provide more jobs for educated Indians but later on, under the leadersh ip of Mohandas Gandhi and Pundit Nehru, it worked for Independence from British rule resulting in 1947 in creation of Hindu majority country India. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Sir Syed Ahmad Khan has become to be known as the most influential educationist and political Muslim leader in India (cite?). Before the British colonized India, Mogul Emperors encouraged education for both Hindus and Muslims in one pla... ...Singh, into India .Pakistan not agreeing to this decision invaded Kasmir Pakistan in 1947 launched a military attack and succeeded in occupying a small part and established a province called Azad Kashmir. Since than there have been multiple wars between India and Pakistan on this issue and there has been ongoing struggle for independence within India’s Kashmir which India has been trying to forcibly put down resulting in wide spread human right abuses. Lord Louis Mountbatten Lord Mountbatten ,Born June 25th 1900 in England, was a decorated navy admiral who in 1947 became last Viceroy of India. As a viceroy he was tasked to negotiate with Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Gandhi and Nehru and overseas Independence of India and Pakistan. From 1947 to 1948 after independence he became the first governer general of India On august 27th 1979 He was assassinated in bomb blast.